In French, the basic sentence structure is: subject, verb, object. For example, Je vends la voiture (I sell the car). The word order of French sentences has many particularities unique to French. In this article you’ll learn all the most important word order rules necessary to properly speak French.
Guide to French sentence structure
French word order: List of rules
Rule 1: Subject + Verb + Object
For the present tense, the word order in French is simply subject + verb + object (SVO). Here are some very simple examples:
- Je mange la pizza. I eat the pizza.
- Nous achetons la maison. We buy the house.
- Paul aime Marie. Paul loves Marie.
These are called declarative sentences. In French, it is necessary to always include the subject. In other Romantic languages such as Spanish the subject can be omitted. The exception to this rule is the imperative mood. For example:
- Mange la pizza! Eat the pizza!
- Achète la voiture! Buy the car!
Rule 2: Use ne…pas for negation
French negation requires the usage of ne…pas being wrapped around the verb. The ne…pas negation structure is unique to French. For example:
- Tu ne manges pas la pizza. You don’t eat the pizza.
- Tu ne parles pas français. You don’t speak French.
Rule 3: Est-ce que and inversion for questions
The basic word order changes for asking questions. There are two main ways of asking questions: Using est-ce que and inversion.
Put est-ce que in front of the basic SVO declarative sentence. For example:
- Est-ce que tu manges la pizza? Are you eating the pizza?
- Est-ce que tu parles français? Do you speak French?
When using inversion the word order changes as the subject and verb are inverted. For example:
- Manges-tu la pizza? Do you eat the pizza?
- Parles-tu français? Do you speak French?
Rule 4: Adjectives come after nouns
In general, the rule for adjectives is that they come after nouns. For example:
- Tu manges une pizza délicieuse. You eat a delicious pizza.
However, the are situations where the adjective comes before the noun. For example:
- Tu manges une bonne pizza. You eat a good pizza.
Rule 5: Adverbs come after verbs
In general, adverbs come after the subject, verb and object. For example:
- Il parle français couramment. He speaks French fluently.
- Je mange la pizza fréquemment. I eat pizza frequently.
However, there are situations where shorter adverbs come between the verb and the object.
- Il parle bien français. He speaks French well.
- Je mange souvent la pizza. I often eat pizza.
French grammar | Lessons by David Issokson
